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lect16.txt
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1995-05-02
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----- The following copyright 1991 by Dirk Terrell
----- This article may be reproduced or retransmitted
----- only if the entire document remains intact
----- including this header
Lecture #16 "Where is it?!?!"
In the interest of clearing away some of the mystery and confusion of
transformations between the various astronomical coordinate systems, I will
be posting the definitions of the systems and programs written in QBasic
that will do the calculations. I hope that you will not view the programs
as 'black boxes' for doing the calculations, but as sources for learning and
testing programs that you will write for yourself. These coordinate systems
are very simple and easy to learn if you go about it the right way. Forget
spherical trigonometry and memorizing formulae. If you learn to use rotation
matrices, you will find that you can figure out the formulae in your head.
The first thing is to figure out whether a coordinates system is right or
left-handed. In doing this, your thumb represents the positive x-axis, your
index finger the positive y-axis, and your middle finger the positive
z-axis. If you draw the x and y axes in the usual way:
y
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--------------x
for a right-handed system, the z-axis comes out of the screen, and a
left-handed system has the z-axis going into the screen. Point Your thumb in
the x direction and your index finger in the y direction with each hand and
you will see how this works. Easy enough.
Now let's look at a specific coordinate system. Let's define the z-axis
as pointing toward the zenith (i.e., directly overhead). Let the x-axis
point toward the north celestial pole. The y-axis will point toward due
east. Thus the system is left-handed. (Convince yourself of this.) The
origin of the system (where all the axes meet) is at the observer. The
system so defined is called the Horizon System (H system). The latitude
angle of an object referenced to such a system (i.e., the angle between the
x-y plane (horizon) and a line connecting the object to the origin) is
called the object's altitude. The longitude angle of the object in this
system (i.e., the angle gotten by rotating the x-z plane clockwise as seen
from positive z until the object lies in that plane) is called the azimuth.
In practical terms, the altitude gives the number of degrees that an object
is above the horizon. The azimuth tells you how many degrees you have to
turn from facing due north (turning clockwise from above, that is, when
facing north, start turning toward east not west) to face the object. An
object due north thus has an azimuth of 0 degrees. One due south is 180
degrees, east 90 degrees, and west 270 degrees.
Next time we'll look at some other systems. The next post is QBasic code
for computing the altitude and azimuth of an object from its right ascension
and declination, given local sidereal time and the observer's latitude.
Don't worry if you don't know what these terms mean. I wrote the program for
some people who needed this for a telescope, but I figured it would be a
good thing for us to do in the class. We will learn what all these terms
mean later.
Dirk